Задания 20–28 + общая справка по грамматике
Существительное
Самый вероятный вариант — множественное число (учим исключения: не меняется ли y на i, f на v, не добавляется ли -es вместо -s). Менее вероятный — притяжательная форма.
Местоимение
Определите синтаксическую функцию пропущенного слова (подлежащее/дополнение/определение/сказуемое) и выберите нужную форму (I – me – my – mine – myself). This/that → these/those. Some/any/no/every → somebody/anybody/nobody/everybody и т.д.
Числительное
Преобразуем количественные в порядковые, помним особенности орфографии.
Прилагательное и наречие
Глагол
| Форма | Ключевые слова |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | always, often, usually, sometimes, never, rarely, every day/week, on Mondays |
| Present Continuous | now, at the moment, today, still, Look!, Listen! |
| Future Simple | next (week/year), tomorrow, soon, in an hour |
| Past Simple | last week, yesterday, in 1990, once, a week ago, the other day |
| Past Continuous | at 5 o'clock yesterday, the whole evening yesterday, while, when mother came |
| Past Perfect | before, by 2 o'clock, when mother came, already |
| Present Perfect | how long, already, always, recently, since, ever, never, just, yet, so far |
| Present Perfect Continuous | how long, already, since, all day long, for ages |
| Past Perfect Continuous | for, for several hours/years, since, all day long (при отрицании обычно заменяется на Past Perfect) |
| Future-in-the-Past | действие в будущем, обсуждаемое в прошлом — в косвенной речи, союз that |
Past Perfect Continuous не входит в кодификатор ОГЭ, но полезен для понимания.
| Форма | Пример |
|---|---|
| Present Simple Passive am/is/are + V3 | Bread is eaten every day. |
| Past Simple Passive was/were + V3 | Letters were sent a week ago. |
| Present Perfect Passive have/has been + V3 | New houses have been built since 2010. |
Как определить залог?
| Тип | Формула | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Conditional I (реальное будущее) | If + Present Simple, … will (do) | If it doesn't rain, we'll go to the park. |
| Conditional II (сослагательное) | If + Past Simple, … would/could (do) | If I were you, I would start learning French. |
| Conditional III* (не в кодификаторе) | If + Past Perfect, … would have done | If I had got that job, I could have been happy. |
| wish + сожаление о настоящем | wish + Past Simple | I wish I lived in Paris. I wish I were taller. |
Только настоящее время употребляется после when, after, before, as soon as, till/until, unless.
Participle I (V+ing) — причастие настоящего времени, действительное значение: writing (пишущий), singing (поющий) — We listened to the girls singing folk songs. The book is interesting.
Participle II (V3/-ed) — причастие прошедшего времени, страдательное значение: written (написанный) — Translate the words written on the blackboard. I'm interested in politics.
Если пропуск после подлежащего и сказуемого не хватает — личная форма глагола. Если сказуемое уже есть — причастие (Participle I или II).
Только герундий:
admit, appreciate, avoid, can't help, can't stand, consider, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practice, suggest, risk — He finished speaking and sat down.
Только инфинитив:
afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, decide, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish, would like — I refused to answer any more questions.
Без разницы в значении:
begin, continue, like, love, hate, prefer, start — I prefer working outside = I prefer to work outside. Но: I would prefer to stay in tonight.
Со смысловым различием:
| Глагол | + V-ing | + to V |
|---|---|---|
| remember/forget | помнить прошедшее событие | помнить, что нужно сделать |
| stop | прекратить действие | остановиться, чтобы сделать |
| try | пробовать (чтобы добиться цели) | стараться, прилагая усилия |
| regret | сожалеть о сделанном | сожалеть о том, что приходится делать |
После любого прилагательного или глагола с постоянным предлогом — герундий: to apologize for not coming, to be good at skating.
USED TO + Infinitive — регулярное действие в прошлом, которое больше не происходит: He used to play football more when he was 20.
BE/GET USED TO + V-ing / сущ. — привычка что-то делать: I'm not used to being spoken to so rudely! He never got used to getting up early.
| DO (выполнять действие) | MAKE (создавать) |
|---|---|
| do one's best, do harm, do homework, do research, do the shopping, do exercise, do a favour, do business | make an effort, make a cake, make coffee, make a mistake, make money, make progress, make a noise, make the beds, make arrangements |
В главном и придаточном предложениях
В косвенной речи (если главное предложение в прошедшем времени — сдвиг времён)
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| Future Simple | Future-in-the-Past |
| Окончание | Случай | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| -s | большинство существительных | book – books |
| -es | шипящие -s,-ss,-x,-ch,-sh; сущ. на -о | buses, boxes, tomatoes |
| -ies | согласная + y (y → i) | baby – babies |
| -ves | -f/-fe → -ves | wolf – wolves, leaf – leaves |
Исключения на -ves: roofs, cliffs, chiefs, cuffs, proofs, handkerchiefs, beliefs.
Особые формы (запомнить!)
man – men · woman – women · child – children · mouse – mice · tooth – teeth · foot – feet · person – people · ox – oxen · goose – geese · sheep – sheep · deer – deer
С глаголом в единственном числе:
жидкости/газы/сыпучие (tea, milk, sand), продукты (bread, fruit, rice), учебные предметы (Physics, Economics), языки, игры (chess, tennis), явления природы (rain, snow), абстрактные (advice, work), собирательные (furniture, luggage)
Запомнить! hair, money, news — IS…
С глаголом во множественном числе:
парные предметы: pants, scissors, glasses, binoculars
Запомнить! people, police, clothes, stairs, wages — ARE… statistics — ARE…, data — IS/ARE (оба варианта)
Групповые сущ. (team, family, government) — единственное как группа в целом, множественное — про каждого по отдельности: The team was the best. / The team were all given medals.
| Им. падеж | Косвенный (кого/кому) | Притяж. + сущ. | Притяж. без сущ. | Возвратное |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | me | my | mine | myself |
| you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| he | him | his | his | himself |
| she | her | her | hers | herself |
| it | it | its | — | itself |
| we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
Указательные
this/these — рядом с нами, о настоящем и будущем · that/those — не рядом, о прошлом
Неопределённые
| Местоимение | Употребление |
|---|---|
| some/something/somebody | утвердительные предложения; просьбы/предложения в вопросах |
| any/anything/anybody | вопросы; отрицания; «любой» в утверждениях |
| no/nothing/nobody | отрицательные предложения без частицы not |
| every/everything/everybody | предложения любого типа |
Something, somebody, anything, nothing, everybody и т.д. — согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе.
| Форма | Употребление | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| another | ед. число (нет выбора из двух); «ещё один»; перед числительным | He's bought another car. I need another cup of coffee. |
| the other / the others | один из двух / оставшиеся из группы | This car is new. The other is old. |
| other / others | не о конкретных предметах, в целом | Some people have tea, while others prefer coffee. |
| Группа | Положительная | Сравнительная | Превосходная |
|---|---|---|---|
| Односложные | short | shorter | the shortest |
| Односл. + одна гласн.+согл. | hot | hotter | the hottest |
| На немую -e | nice | nicer | the nicest |
| Двусложные на -y | happy | happier | the happiest |
| Остальные много-/двусложные | beautiful | more beautiful | the most beautiful |
| Наречия | slowly | more slowly | most slowly |
Исключения: good/well – better – the best · bad/badly – worse – the worst · little – less – the least · old – elder – the eldest (в семье), но old – older – the oldest (по возрасту) · far – farther – the farthest (по расстоянию), но far – further – the furthest (по времени/дополнительный)
Образуются соединением разных частей речи: прилаг./числит. + сущ., сущ. + причастие, наречие + причастие II и т.д.
a ten-minute walk · a five-star hotel · a blue-eyed girl · a kind-hearted lady · an open-minded person · a nice-looking boy · a world-famous museum · fat-free cookies · home-made food · well-behaved children · a hard-working person
Особенности написания: 1 one/first, 2 two/second, 3 three/third, 5 five/fifth, 8 eight/eighth, 9 nine/ninth, 12 twelve/twelfth, 15 fifteen/fifteenth, 20 twenty/twentieth, 30 thirty/thirtieth. Остальные порядковые — количественное + th (six → sixth).
Употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе.
Устойчивые выражения: to tell the time · on the right/left · to tell the truth · the other day · on the one hand / on the other hand
Без артикля: at night · at home · at work · at first sight · by heart · by mistake · from time to time · day and night
| Предлог | Употребление |
|---|---|
| AT | at night, at lunchtime, at the weekend, at present, at the end of May |
| ON | on Christmas Day, on my birthday, on October 28th |
| IN | in the evening, in the 20th century, in summer, in a few years |
| FOR / SINCE | for a long time / since last year |
| BY | by 2026, by the end of the year |
on time (пунктуально) vs in time (не опаздывая) · at the beginning (в начале текста) vs in the beginning (поначалу) · at the end vs in the end (в итоге)
| Предлог | Употребление |
|---|---|
| IN | in the country, in a queue, in bed, in hospital, in the street |
| AT | at the bus stop, at the theatre, at the doctor's · но: at school, at home, at work |
| ON | on the wall, on the left/right, on the ground floor, on the beach |
under, over, below, above, around, among, against, behind, in front of, opposite, by, beside
Движение
come out of · get on/off · go along/around · go through · cross over · get into/out of · walk across · run up the stairs · fall off · drive past · orbit around
| Infinitive | Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cut | cut | cut |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feel | felt | felt |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| get | got | got |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hold | held | held |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| leave | left | left |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| show | showed | shown |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| stand | stood | stood |
| swim | swam | swum |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |
Полный список неправильных глаголов гораздо длиннее — здесь самые частотные для ОГЭ. Остальные — в оригинальной памятке (PDF).